Autonomic hyperreflexia is a reaction of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system to over-stimulation. This may include high blood pressure, change in heart rate , skin color changes (pallor, redness, blue-grey coloration), and profuse sweating .
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
There are many causes of autonomic hyperreflexia. These include medication side effects, illicit use of stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine (which enhance the effects of adrenaline in the body), spinal cord injuries, Guillain-Barre syndrome (a severe form of paralysis which can lead to respiratory failure), subarachnoid hemorrhage (a form of brain bleeding), severe head trauma, and other brain injuries. The following conditions share many similar symptoms, but have a different underlying cause:
Carcinoid syndrome -- a disease caused by abnormal cells of the lungs and gut which produce hormones Thyroid storm -- a condition caused by excessive production of thyroid hormone Neuroleptic malignant syndrome -- condition characterized by muscle stiffness, high fever, and drowsiness, which can be caused by some antipsychotic medications and anesthetic agents Serotonin syndrome -- abnormal release of serotonin, a brain chemical
Signs and tests
A complete neurological and medical examination must be performed. Patients must provide an accurate medication and drug history in order to help determine which tests are necessary. These may include:
Brain pictures including Head CT or MRI Spine pictures, particularly MRI Lumbar puncture Blood and urine tests Toxicology screening X-rays EKG Tilt-table testing
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause. Offending medications or drugs must be discontinued. Any underlying illness which is causing the symptoms needs to be treated. If a substantial slowing of the heart rate is shown to produce symptoms, some drugs called "anticholinergics" (such as atropine) can be initially tried. Very high blood pressure needs to be treated carefully, as it may behave quite unpredictably and fall abruptly. If symptoms do not improve with medications, a pacemaker may be required. In patients with spinal cord injury, autonomic hyperreflexia may be caused by pain, fecal impaction, bladder distension, pressure sores, or suctioning. Careful attention to the patient's needs can prevent these problems.
Expectations (prognosis)
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause. People with autonomic hyperreflexia due to medications usually recover when the offending medications are discontinued. Recovery when the condition is caused by other factors depends on the success of treatment of the underlying disease.
Complications
Complications may occur as a result of side effects of medications. Severe reduction of the pulse rate may result in a cardiac arrest. Prolonged, severe high blood pressure may result in seizures or stroke.
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of autonomic hyperreflexia.
Prevention
Prevention of autonomic hyperreflexia includes avoidance of medications that exacerbate or cause this condition. In the spine-injured patient, attention to toileting, skin condition, and pain level may prevent autonomic hyperreflexia.